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| 1549 |
| | | Brazil becomes a Portuguese royal province, under the control of a governor general | |
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| 1549 |
| | | The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital | |
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| 1579 |
| | | Francis Drake seizes a Spanish vessel laden with gold and silver in the Pacific, formerly a safe area for Spain | |
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| c. 1630 |
| | | Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America | |
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| 1667 |
| | | In the treaty of Breda, England keeps New Amsterdam and New Netherland, and Holland keeps the English-held territory of Surinam | |
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| 1668 |
| | | The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes | |
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| 1690 |
| | | John Strong, landing on some remote Atlantic islands, names them after Viscount Falkland, treasurer of the British navy | |
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| 1693 |
| | | Gold is found in Brazil, launching the first great American gold rush | |
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| 1740 |
| | | Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador become the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada, with Bogota as the capital | |
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| 1746 |
| | | An earthquake destroys much of Lima, and an ensuing tidal wave engulfs its port at Callao | |
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